What cannot be signed electronically

The list is shorter than most people expect. For ordinary commercial documents, electronic signing is fine. These are the cases where it is not, or where extra formalities apply.

Wills

A will must be signed in the presence of two witnesses who are physically present, and who then sign in the presence of the testator. The temporary provisions allowing remote video witnessing during the pandemic have expired. Do not sign a will electronically.

Lasting powers of attorney

LPAs follow their own statutory process, with a prescribed form, a certificate provider and registration with the Office of the Public Guardian. Follow that process rather than attempting to sign one electronically through a general-purpose platform.

Deeds needing a witness

Deeds can be executed electronically, but the witness must be physically present when the signatory signs. This is the case people most often get wrong, and it has its own guide: signing a deed electronically.

Some HM Land Registry documents

HM Land Registry sets its own requirements for documents lodged with it, and has its own categories of accepted electronic signature. These change from time to time. Check their current practice guidance before relying on an electronic signature for a registrable disposition.

Documents where the other side insists

Not a legal restriction, but a practical one worth naming. Some lenders, insurers and public bodies still require a wet signature as a matter of their own policy, whatever the law permits. If a counterparty says they need ink, arguing the statute rarely helps.

Anything with a foreign element

This guide is about English law. If a document is governed by another jurisdiction's law, or will be relied on abroad, or involves notarisation or an apostille, take advice specific to that jurisdiction. Requirements vary considerably.